Increases in moving materials, products, and people, as well as the necessity of delivering materials or components just in time for new industries working without extensive inventories, were enabled (and made more reliable) by gains in navigation, tracking, computing, and communication, and much-expanded capabilities were also needed to accommodate the new deluge of international data flows. All of these advances have one fundamental technical foundation: our ability to emplace more components on an integrated circuit whose progress—doubling roughly every two years—has been, so far,
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