How the World Really Works: The Science Behind How We Got Here and Where We're Going

by Vaclav Smil

Animal manures applied to fields, mainly from cattle, pigs, and chickens, contain almost 30 megatons; a similar total is introduced by leguminous crops (green manure cover crops, as well as soybeans, beans, peas, and chickpeas); and irrigation water brings about 5 megatons—for a total of about 105 megatons of nitrogen per year. Synthetic fertilizers supply 110 megatons of nitrogen per year, or slightly more than half of the 210–220 megatons used in total. This means that at least half of recent global crop harvests have been produced thanks to the application of synthetic nitrogenous compounds, and without them it would be impossible to produce the prevailing diets for even half of today’s nearly 8 billion people. While we could reduce our dependence on synthetic ammonia by eating less meat and wasting less food, replacing the global input of about 110 megatons of nitrogen in synthetic compounds by organic sources could be done only in theory.