In chapter 13 of Ernest Hemingway’s 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises, a few of protagonist Jake Barnes’s expatriate friends arrive in Pamplona, Spain, and meet for a drink. During the conversation, Mike Campbell, a Scotsman, discloses his recent bankruptcy. “How did you go bankrupt?” American Bill Gorton asks him. “Two ways,” Campbell replies. “Gradually and then suddenly.”[3]
