In this lies a fundamental difference between settler-colonial conflicts and the colonial wars fought by Europeans in Asia and Africa. The wars waged by the British in India, for example, conformed to the usual patterns of Eurasian warfare: soldiers fought each other with human-made weapons, and the wars were usually limited in duration. Settler-colonial conflicts were of a completely different order of warfare. Indigenous peoples faced a state of permanent (or “forever”) war that involved many kinds of other-than-human beings and entities: pathogens, rivers, forests, plants, and animals all
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