A 1984 study, published in Science, found that when hospital rooms have windows with a view of something natural, patients heal more rapidly than they do without one: the environmental psychologist Roger Ulrich examined hospital records of forty-six patients who had gallbladder surgery between 1972 and 1981, and who had had different views out their window. One group had windows overlooking a grove of trees. The other group looked out at a brick wall. The patients overlooking the trees left the hospital almost a full day earlier than the other patients, and needed less pain medication.