The nine criteria may be summarized as follows (each is described in depth in chapter 2): Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Unstable and intense interpersonal relationships. Lack of clear sense of identity. Impulsiveness in potentially self-damaging behaviors, such as substance abuse, sex, shoplifting, reckless driving, binge eating. Recurrent suicidal threats or gestures, or self-mutilating behaviors. Severe mood shifts and extreme reactivity to situational stresses. Chronic feelings of emptiness. Frequent and inappropriate displays of anger. Transient, stress-related
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