The use of state-directed violence to enforce British policies and interests created a culture of violence, the legacy of which fueled sensibilities, tactics, and strategies in the Mandate’s aftermath. “I would go so far as to say, after this period of time, that the whole of the troubles in the Middle East which have affected the world since 1948, can be laid fairly and squarely at Britain’s door,” John Beard, who served in the Palestine Police Force for nearly thirty years, recalled.[72]
