They realized that divisiveness and tribalism had ruined the United States, so the first sections of the Philadelphia Constitution outlined that only independent candidates could run for office. The party system was outlawed. Sure, like-minded people could form groups to further a cause, but the ballots could not contain party affiliation. Voters had to research and align themselves with a candidate that shared their positions and ideals. And, of course, elections were by popular vote only. Every single vote mattered.

