In contrast, Puerto Ricans have been written into the nation-state as second-class citizens of the United States since 1917, with formal full citizenship but only partial voting rights as long as they live on the island. They are the victims of racism everywhere. More interestingly, I think, is how, despite the history and present of Florida and Texas (as well as California, Arizona, New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey), Latinos and, more broadly, Latinidad is depicted as “other” rather than indigenous to the United States, even as our three most populous states (California, Texas, and
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