In 1917, during another Latino-led strike in Bisbee, Arizona, the company oversaw the largest forced migration by a private corporation in American history. At the behest of Phelps Dodge company president Walter Douglas, twelve hundred union members were rounded up at gunpoint, herded into cattle cars still loaded with manure, then left stranded in the New Mexico desert 173 miles away. Few ever made it back to Bisbee. “It was like the army had prisoners,” Katie Pintek, a witness to the event, recalled later. “If they saw someone standing about to run, they were going to shoot. Two did get
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