anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin’s conclusions from his time in Siberia, where survival was not an individualistic competition for resources, which were abundant, but a cooperative enterprise of coping with harsh conditions. He called that intra-species cooperation mutual aid, charted its roles in animal and human life, and emphasized that evolution and cooperation were often intertwined, not opposed, but his 1902 book, Mutual Aid, did not sway the arguments of the time. Contemporary evolutionary science has come closer to Kropotkin’s version. The natural world is looking more and more
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