From the outset, Duesberg had nagging doubts about Robert Gallo’s findings. From an evolutionary standpoint, it didn’t make sense that an ancient retrovirus would attack its human host. Retroviruses, in the form of incomplete strands of DNA inserted into human DNA, have no metabolism and no proven capacity to digest, reproduce, or evolve. They are not, by accepted definition, a life form. It would be a surprise if evolution had, through some unknown mechanism, transformed any of these into a cancerous or a killer cell.

