by the late 1990s, Black Americans were increasingly suspicious of medical authorities. President Clinton’s belated 1996 official apology37 to the victims of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments (1935–1973) had reminded Blacks of other historic atrocities, including the barbaric gynecological experiments on Black women by Dr. J. Marion Simms (“Father of Modern Gynecology”).38 In 1992, a Los Angeles Times exposé revealed that the CDC had been conducting unlicensed experiments with a deadly flu vaccine on Black children in Haiti and Cameroon, and on 1,500 Black children in South Central Los Angeles
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