H. Richard’s overarching point was that Reinhold needed to be as tough in his analysis of the individual as he was in his analysis of society. To do this effectively he would need to draw on the vocabulary and insights of theology, particularly the language of sin and grace as Augustine and Reformation-era thinkers such as Luther and Calvin had deployed it. The fourth-century Christian thinker Augustine, as well as those who were influenced by him, argued that the human will was broken, and that outside of the grace of God, humans could do nothing fully good. Although often dismissed as too
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