If the choice between two theories is scientific, evidence must bear on it; but what about where two distinct theories make exactly the same predictions? Philosophers call this case ‘underdetermination of theory by evidence’: the ‘underdetermination problem’ is the problem of choosing between two such theories.
two scenarios:
1. rivalry - different theories, different results
2. underdetermination - different theories, same results (or same goal)
strong underdetermination
weak underdetermination
