Then from the 1260s, a new ruling dynasty in Egypt—a Turkish slave-soldier caste known as the Mamluks—began to chip away at the remaining coastal redoubts and fortresses of the kingdom of Jerusalem, county of Tripoli, and principality of Antioch. Over the course of three decades they ground the vulnerable and increasingly neglected crusader cities into the dust, culminating in a huge siege of Acre in May 1291, which ended in a forced evacuation by sea. Thereafter the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem relocated to Cyprus, where it withered away.
