The Golden Horde, having been severely disrupted by Temür’s invasion in the 1390s, fell finally and comprehensively to pieces in the fifteenth century, leaving behind it a smattering of independent “Tartar” khanates. Two of these—the Crimean state sometimes called Little Tartary and the Kazakh Khanate, which is roughly congruent with modern Kazakhstan—survived the Middle Ages. In Afghanistan and northern India, Temür did leave an important imperial legacy, through his descendant Babur, who founded the Mughal Empire at Kabul in the early sixteenth century.
