A statistical sampling of individual cells would make their states seem essentially random, but we can see that each cell’s state results deterministically from the previous step—and the resulting macro image shows a mix of regular and irregular behavior. This demonstrates a property called emergence.[26] In essence, emergence is very simple things, collectively, giving rise to much more complex things. The fractal structures in nature, such as the gnarled path of each growing tree limb, the striped coats of zebras and tigers, the shells of mollusks, and countless other features in biology,
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