It is certainly possible to question many of these individual calculations, and scientists sometimes disagree about the implications of any single factor. But it isn’t enough to analyze each of these fine-tuned parameters in isolation. Rather, as physicist Luke Barnes argues, we must consider the “intersection of the life-permitting regions, not the union.”[74] In other words, every single one of these factors has to be friendly to life in order for life to actually develop. If even a single one were missing, there would be no life. In the memorable formulation of astronomer Hugh Ross, the
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How terrifying. Are we in a simulation?
