Burma was nearly 90 percent Buddhist, and the Rohingya were a beleaguered Muslim minority that the military dictatorship disenfranchised and severely mistreated. Over the previous three decades, they had been denied citizenship and conscripted into what amounted to slave labor. Government rules forbade Rohingya from traveling out of their villages, or from marrying and having children without official permission. And state security forces used rape to terrorize Rohingya women.

