They can claim that no Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge, and when confronted with Angus, who puts sugar on his porridge, say this shows that Angus is not a true Scotsman. The no true Scotsman fallacy also explains why no true Christian ever kills, no true communist state is repressive, and no true Trump supporter endorses violence. These tactics shade into begging the question, a phrase that philosophers beg people not to use as a malaprop for “raising the question” but to reserve for the informal fallacy of assuming what you’re trying to prove.
