In fact, in 1906 the Supreme Court accepted the implicit suggestion that American-born whites were the only real “citizens.”79 African Americans, however, were just Black. And from “scientific studies,” movies, books, plays, music, and sensationalized newspaper accounts of crime-infested neighborhoods, inherent criminality, and uncontrolled libidos, “the cumulative impression was of a world made precarious by Negroes.”80 Whites, thus, had a near paranoid sense of being “besieged, even though no one [was] at the gates.”81
