Kautsky’s “orthodox Marxism” portrayed socialism as a kind of destiny that would inevitably emerge from the husk of capitalism in accordance with scientific laws of history, driven by the motor of productive forces. As he put it: “In the last analysis, the history of mankind is determined, not by ideas, but by an economic development which progresses irresistibly, obedient to certain underlying laws and not to anyone’s wishes or whims,” bringing about “new forms of production which require new forms of society.”16 Socialism would arise on the basis of the development of capitalist production,
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