Even the Supreme Court agreed. In the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford case, the court ruled that Black people “are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word ‘citizens’ in the Constitution,” adding: They were at that time considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges . . . They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race
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