In April 1921, twenty-six-year-old J. Edgar Hoover became deputy head of the Bureau of Investigation. The following year, Marcus Mosiah Garvey was charged with mail fraud.23 Garvey was convicted for mailing a radical leaflet to a Hoover informant. However, no one ever presented this brochure in court, and the informant could never quite recall what was in the envelope obtained by prosecutors. Garvey was free on appeal until March 1925, nine months after Hoover was named director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, when he was imprisoned in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. When he was
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