And famously, the United States remained outside the League after the Senate failed to approve the Versailles treaty. For the Americans and others who supported binding legal arbitration and the pacific settlement of disputes, the war ended with their dreams not realized but smashed. Even within the League, the primary solution was to give each nation its own power to keep the peace rather than transfer authority or power to any international organization to do so. Nine new “nation-states” were created in Eastern Europe where three now-defunct empires had once ruled, with the hopeful
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