Agreements such as the Geneva Convention of 1864 or the Hague treaties of 1899 and 1907 were never framed to exclude global peoples explicitly, and they operated on top of customs of engagement, or even underlying principles of natural law, that a few took to be applicable everywhere. But the rules—and especially their interpretation in policies and on the ground—clearly were different in spirit and especially in practice when it came to counterinsurgent and colonial war.
