The concordance between findings from studies in humans and in mice was remarkable: in both studies protection was accompanied by lower levels of eosinophils, higher levels of neutrophils, generally suppressed cytokine responses, and no increase in levels of T regulatory cells or interleukin-10. Thus, the finding that these features were largely dependent on innate immune pathways in mice suggests that innate immune signaling may also be the primary target of protection in the Amish children, in whom downstream adaptive immune responses may also be modulated.
