Philosophers have typically responded to these quandaries by trying to shift to discourse from “human” to “person.” Human biology is sufficient for personhood, as long as there is a decent regime of law in place, but it is not strictly necessary. That is, there may be nonhuman persons. Indeed, corporations are persons in various legal jurisdictions, subject to both legal punishment for wrongdoing and, maybe less benignly, the legal right to express themselves politically and financially.
