The ancient Greek philosophy of Stoicism was founded by Zeno of Citium in the 3rd-century BCE, and its ideas were further developed by later philosophers including the Greek slave Epictetus, Seneca the Younger, and Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius.15 Stoicism advocated for seeking satisfaction in life, not through the satisfaction of one’s appetites, but through their relinquishment. Unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics rejected pleasure altogether, and thought that emotions and desires were pathological.
