Anti-semitism had been a principal feature of the middle-class völkisch movement in and around Munich since the latter half of the nineteenth century when capital in the shape of big industry, department stores and property speculators had begun forcing artisans, small shopkeepers and farmers out of business. The Jews had been identified with capital; thus an article in the Munich paper Deutsches Volksblatt in 1895 had concluded, ‘If we do not solve the Jewish question, we shall not solve the social question either.’[39] Now Jews had led the communist take-over of Munich and the subsequent
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