The Soviets were the only Allies who actively pursued an alternative to collective guilt. As their participation at Nuremberg demonstrated, the Soviets supported the imposition of guilt on high-ranking individuals. And, in the immediate aftermath of victory, Stalin was prepared to see ordinary Germans raped, pillaged, and slaughtered in an orgy of vengeance. But when it came time for an organized policy of denazification, the Soviets decided that the public could be redeemed through agrarian and industrial reform and the cultivation of Germany’s internal antifascist forces. For a brief period,
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