‘Worship of gods, brahmanas24 [dvijas may also mean the first three varnas], gurus and the wise, purity, uprightness, brahmacharya and non-violence—these are known as physical austerities. Not uttering words that lead to anxiety, speaking the truth and that which is pleasant and leads to welfare and self-study—these are known as austerities in speech. Tranquillity of mind, gentleness, silence, self-control and purity of sentiments—these are known as mental austerities. These three types of austerities, performed single-mindedly by men, without attachment to the fruits and with supreme faith,
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