Noise is mostly a product not of level differences but of interactions: how different judges deal with particular defendants, how different teachers deal with particular students, how different social workers deal with particular families, how different leaders deal with particular visions of the future. Noise is mostly a by-product of our uniqueness, of our “judgment personality.” Reducing level noise is still a worthwhile objective, but attaining only this objective would leave most of the problem of system noise without a solution.
