Bias is error we can often see and even explain. It is directional: that is why a nudge can limit the detrimental effects of a bias, or why an effort to boost judgment can combat specific biases. It is also often visible: that is why an observer can hope to diagnose biases in real time as a decision is being made. Noise, on the other hand, is unpredictable error that we cannot easily see or explain. That is why we so often neglect it—even when it causes grave damage. For this reason, strategies for noise reduction are to debiasing what preventive hygiene measures are to medical treatment: the
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