“Western culture traditionally tended to distinguish between good and evil in absolute terms, defining a clear line. The Chinese never think that way. Instead, Confucius tradition focuses on personal virtue.” This focus would compel leaders to admit error and evolve—the opposite of how the Chinese Communist Party operates. “As a ruler, you are supposed to perfect your virtue. When you fail, you hold yourself accountable. The ideal leader in the Confucius tradition would not try to put total control over a society.”

