Self-assessment, as used in classrooms for the last few decades, has largely been based on students’ opinions of their abilities. The navigation instrument, on the other hand, is a form of self-assessment that is based on data about students’ abilities. In truth, it could be argued that opinion-based self-assessment is not a form of feedback at all. One student in our research referred to these types of self-assessments as “feedforward,” because students tell it what they can do, not the other way around.
Important epistemic consideration
