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That’s what good scientists do: instead of drawing conclusions about people ...
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they test their hypotheses by striking up...
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It turns out that even if we disagree strongly with someone on a social issue,52 when we discover that she cares deeply about the issue, we trust her more.
he found that the unproductive ones feature a more limited set of both positive and negative emotions,
They’re not less emotional—they’re more emotionally complex.
In a productive conversation, people treat their feelings as a rough draft.
Like art, emotions are works in progress.
What stands in the way of rethinking isn’t the expression of emotion; it’s a restricted
range of emotion.
rethinking? It helps to remember that we can fall victim to binary bias with emotions, not only with issues.
It shouldn’t be up to the victim to inject complexity into a difficult conversation.
Charged conversations cry out for nuance. When we’re preaching, prosecuting, or politicking, the complexity of reality can seem like an inconvenient truth.
In scientist mode, it can be an invigorating truth—it means there are new opportunities for understanding and for progress.
Evidence shows that if false scientific beliefs aren’t addressed in elementary school, they become harder to change later.
And experiments have shown that when a speaker delivers an inspiring message, the audience scrutinizes the material less carefully and forgets more of the content—even while claiming to remember more of it.
they don’t necessarily show us how to rethink moving forward.
Charismatic speakers can put us under a political spell, under which we follow them to gain their approval or affiliate with their tribe.
We should be persuaded by the substance of an argument, not the shiny package...
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If you spend all of your school years being fed information and are never given the opportunity to question it, you won’t develop the tools for rethinking
that you need in life.
grades are not a strong predictor of job performance.
psychologists find that one of the hallmarks of an open mind is responding to confusion with curiosity and interest.30
Confusion can be a cue that there’s new territory to be explored or a fresh puzzle to be solved.
“Quality means rethinking, reworking, and polishing,”
Ultimately, education is more
than the information we accumulate in our heads. It’s the habits we develop as we keep revising our drafts and the skills we build to keep learning.
Rethinking is not just an individual skill. It’s a collective capability, and it depends heavily on an organization’s culture.
Evidence shows that in learning cultures, organizations innovate more and make fewer mistakes.
learning cultures thrive under a particular combination of psychological safety and accountability.
It appeared that psychological safety could breed complacency.
psychologically safe teams reported more errors,
but they actually made fewer errors.
psychological safety
It’s fostering a climate of respect, trust, and openness in which people can raise concerns and suggestions without fear of reprisal. It’s the foundation of a learning culture.7
In performance cultures, the emphasis on results often undermines psychological safety.
How do you know?
It takes confident humility to admit that we’re a work in progress.
It shows that we care more about improving ourselves than proving ourselves.fn1
