Secondly, the means are not, as it were, superseded once the end is achieved. For example, ‘bad’ means, such as a new powerful weapon used in war for the sake of victory, may, after this ‘end’ is achieved, create new trouble. In other words, even if something can be correctly described as a means to an end, it is, very often, much more than this. It produces other results apart from the end in question; and what we have to balance is not the (past or present) means against (future) ends, but the total results, as far as they can be foreseen, of one course of action against those of another.
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