Muhammad bin Qasim’s destructive raid on Multan was a civilisational impasse as far as Sanatana Dharma was concerned, but an enduring one at that. The city was permanently transformed as a strong outpost of Islam on the frontiers of Bharatavarsha. The successive waves of Muslim invasions in the general region of both Punjab and Sindh were singularly ineffective and short-lived. The moment the Muslim hold slackened, the Hindu kings and chieftains either reconquered their previously-held territories or drove away the Muslim garrisons there or did both.
