Hamid Dalwai, a Marathi Muslim who faced ostracism from his community for being a radical reformist, understood this. He advocated women’s emancipation through education and employment at the social level, and for a liberal–secular government at the political level. In his 1969 book Muslim Politics in Secular India, he critiqued minority politics for continuing to further the separatist mindset of the pre-Partition Muslim League.
