Anti-Semitic demagoguery flourished during the thirties. The German American Bund marched in New York wearing Nazi uniforms and waving swastika flags along with the Stars and Stripes. At a 1939 Bund rally in Madison Square Garden—as well attended as the Jewish anti-Nazi protest six years before—Bund leader Fritz Julius Kuhn railed against “Frank D. Rosenfeld” and his “Jew Deal,” which he characterized as a Bolshevik-Jewish conspiracy.
