Data indicate, “when soy protein is substituted for meat protein, there is an acute decline in dietary calcium bioavailability.”143 Twenty studies comprising 37,134 participants showed that “compared with omnivores, vegetarians and vegans had lower BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine and vegans also had higher fracture rates.”144 Five randomized, controlled trials included in a meta-analysis revealed, “cholesterol lowering interventions showed no evidence of benefit on mortality from coronary heart disease (1.13, 0.83 to 1.54) or all-cause mortality (1.07, 0.90 to 1.27).”145 A
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