One application is to be less enthusiastic about rational planning approaches. Certainly there is value in trying to envision goals more clearly in planning and preparation. Nevertheless, we must accept the limitations of our ability to make plans for complex situations. We can prepare to improvise as we redefine the goals midway through a project.
This all is not to say that more formal methods could not be useful. Rather that we shouldn't give these formal methods undue credibility not to be misled by them.
