Another part of constructionism that differs from Piaget’s constructivism—and bears a clear relationship to hacker practices—is its focus on debugging. In constructionism, this refers to the process of embracing “wrong” ideas and then iteratively revising them by testing.36 In computer programming, it refers to the process of finding and correcting the mistakes (or bugs) in computer code.37 Papert argues that an openness to debugging is among the most important aspects of constructionism: it encourages children not to internalize feelings of failure when they have a “wrong” answer but to see
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