Policies toward cities since 1970 have starved urban schools of funds. They have created hostile environments for black families stuck in these cities and recreated the conditions of blacks—and now increasingly Latinos—before the Civil Rights Acts. African Americans were deprived of education completely when slaves and given only the semblance of an education before the First World War. They began to get good education in the 1960s and 1970s, but opposition to the Civil Rights Movement has blocked and reversed these gains.13
