In traditional or primitive societies . . . the actual process of learning was rarely, if ever, subject to careful and informed scrutiny. Learning in such societies is embedded in socialization. That is, the learning of skills and attitudes has not been functionally rationalized in segregated institutions; it takes place in a network of personal relations based on the paradigm of kinship. . . . Formal schools in primitive societies would be as strange and as repugnant as jails. Primitive learning, on the contrary, is an instrumental-cognitive-affective enterprise . . . a process that never
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