This type of learning contrasts with formal education, which can be decontextualized and detached from practice.696 As Brown et al. noted, “Learning methods that are embedded in authentic situations are not merely useful; they are essential.”697 Adult learning must be authentic, purposeful, and connected to life. Merriam698 and Merriam and Kim also described non-western learning and knowing as “communal, lifelong and informal, holistic.”699 Fanta-Vagenshtein et al. added: Traditional knowledge systems are integrated and holistic while modern knowledge systems are reductionistic. . . . Learning
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