Fernando Pérez is the author of Jupyter, a set of open source tools and services for interactive computing, used by researchers and companies around the world. It is arguably one of the most impactful pieces of scientific software in circulation today. Yet Pérez, a physicist by training, had trouble finding a tenured academic position for many years. Similarly, Tom Caswell, lead developer for Matplotlib, a data-plotting tool for Python, and Andreas Müller, core developer of scikit-learn, a machine learning library for Python, both have PhDs but are employed in non-tenure-track positions. There
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