Women at the time made up 72 percent of Walmart’s workforce but only 34 percent of its managers; they earned less than men at nearly every level of the company’s hierarchy. The company’s history of exploiting the service skills of women was still visible in the evidence in the Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., v. Dukes case: it had only added its first woman to the board in 1986, when then First Lady of Arkansas Hillary Clinton joined up.
